Formulas

Earth is a game of numbers.  Most numbers are regulated by formulas.  Here they are:
 
Net Worth (NW) Troops * 0.5 + Jets * 0.6 + Turrets * 0.6 + Tanks * 2 + Spies * 1 + TotalTech * 2 + Land * 45 + Buildings * 35 + Money/20000 + Food/4000 + Missiles * 2500 + Pop/6 + Oil/100
Per Capita Income (PCI) 22.5 * (1 - Taxrate) * (1 + (Networth/Land)/90000) * (1 + 2 * Ent/Land) * BusTech * GvtPCI
Maximum Population 2 * (6 * Land) * (1 - 0.95 * Tax) * (1 + 2 * Res/Land) * ResTech
Revenue PCI * Pop * Taxrate
Construction Cost 3 * Land + 1500
Destruction Cost 1/5 * (3 * Land + 1500)
Food Production (Farms * 5.3 + EmptyAcres * 0.4) * GvtFood * AgrTech
Food Consumption Troops * 0.00048 + (Jets + Turrets) * 0.00032 + Tanks * 0.00132 + Spies * 0.0016 + Pop * 0.0216
Industrial Production Troops: Ind * (Troop% * 1.88) * IndTech * IndGvtBonus
Jets: Ind * (Jet% * 1.88) * IndTech * IndGvtBonus
Turrets: Ind * (Turret% * 1.88) * IndTech * IndGvtBonus
Tanks: Ind * (Tank% * 0.4) * IndTech * IndGvtBonus
Spies: Ind * (Spy% * 0.6) * IndTech * IndGvtBonus
Tech Per Turn 0.34 * Labs * (1 - (1 - Labs/Land)/2) + 3
Buildings Per Turn (CS/4 + 5)* GvtConstr
Private Market Replenishment Per Turn Troops: 3.5 * Land
Jets: 2 * Land
Turrets: 2 * Land
Tanks: Land
Private Market Costs Troops: 144 * GvtMilCost * MilTech * (1 - 0.23333 * MilBases/Land)
Jets: 192 * GvtMilCost * MilTech * (1 - 0.23333 * MilBases/Land)
Turrets: 210 * GvtMilCost * MilTech * (1 - 0.23333 * MilBases/Land)
Tanks: 588 * GvtMilCost * MilTech * (1 - 0.23333 * MilBases/Land)
Military Upkeep Troops: Troops * 0.12 * MilTech * (1 + Networth/30000000) * Constant

Jets: Jets * 0.13 * MilTech * (1 + Networth/30000000) * Constant

Turrets: Turrets * 0.17 * MilTech * (1 + Networth/30000000) * Constant

Tanks: Tanks * 0.551 * MilTech * (1 + Networth/30000000) * Constant

Spies: Spies * 1.001 * MilTech * (1 + Networth/30000000) * Constant

Constant:  If (Milbases/Land + 0.005) < 0.3: (1 - 1.3 * (Bases/Land + 0.005)) Else: 0.61

Max Tech % (for governments with no tech bonus) Military: 87% of Normal
Medical: 67% of Normal
Business: 180% of Normal
Residential: 180% of Normal
Agricultural: 225% of Normal
Military Strategy: 135% of Normal
Warfare: 5.000% Per Turn
Weapons: 135% of Normal
Industrial: 140.00% of Normal
Spy: 150.00% of Normal
SDI: 90.00%
Max Tech % (for Demo) Military: 86% of Normal
Medical: 65% of Normal
Business: 188% of Normal
Residential: 188% of Normal
Agricultural: 238% of Normal
Military Strategy: 138% of Normal
Warfare: 5.480% Per Turn
Weapons: 155% of Normal
Industrial: 144% of Normal
Spy: 155% of Normal
SDI: 98.90%
Max Tech % (for Theo) Military: 91% of Normal
Medical: 75% of Normal
Business: 152% of Normal
Residential: 152% of Normal
Agricultural: 181% of Normal
Military Strategy: 123% of Normal
Warfare: 3.320% Per Turn
Weapons: 133% of Normal
Industrial: 126% of Normal
Spy: 132.50% of Normal
SDI: 58.85%
Tech % to Tech Points Click here to use the calculator.
Tech Points to Tech % Click here to use the calculator.
Alliance Costs Defensive Allies: Networth * 0.001
Offensive Allies: Networth * 0.001
Intelligence Allies: Networth * 0.00075
Research Allies: Networth * 0.00075
Trade Pacts: Networth * 0.00025
GDI Costs Theocracy: Land * 8
All other Gov't: Land * 4
Land Upkeep Land * 10
Total Expense Land Upkeep + GDI Costs + Military Upkeep + Alliance Costs

Note:  A good player does not have to know all the formulas.  However, you should know the NW and BPT formula.